History of Saylac (Zeila)

Saylac (Zeila) is one of the oldest historical towns in the Horn of Africa, located in present-day northwestern Somalia. Its rich history is marked by its role as a significant port and cultural hub in the region.

Ancient and Early History

• Pre-Islamic Era: Saylac’s history dates back to ancient times when it was part of the Land of Punt, a trading region mentioned in ancient Egyptian records. The town served as a key commercial center connecting Africa with the Arabian Peninsula, India, and the Mediterranean world.
• Trade and Commerce: It was renowned for exporting ivory, incense, myrrh, and slaves, attracting merchants from Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Persia.

Islamic Era and Golden Age

• Introduction of Islam: Islam arrived in Saylac in the 7th century, making it one of the first Islamic centers in Africa. The town flourished as a religious and intellectual hub, hosting mosques, Islamic schools, and scholars.
• Adal Sultanate: During the medieval period, Saylac became the capital of the Adal Sultanate. Under rulers like Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey), the sultanate expanded its territories, engaging in military campaigns against the Abyssinian Empire.
• Cultural Prosperity: Saylac was a center of Islamic learning, attracting scholars and poets. The famous 13th-century traveler Ibn Battuta visited Saylac, describing it as a thriving city with a bustling port.

Colonial Period and Decline

• Portuguese and Ottoman Conflicts: Saylac faced attacks from Portuguese fleets in the 16th century, weakening its trade power. The Ottomans later took control of the area, incorporating Saylac into their empire.
• British and French Influence: By the 19th century, Saylac came under British administration, becoming part of British Somaliland. This period marked a decline in Saylac’s significance due to shifting trade routes and the rise of nearby ports like Berbera.

Modern Era

• Post-Independence: After Somali independence in 1960, Saylac became part of the Somali Republic. However, political instability and conflict in the late 20th century led to further decline.
• Cultural Heritage Today: Despite its reduced modern significance, Saylac remains an important historical site. Its ancient ruins, mosques, and old trading ports continue to attract historians and archaeologists interested in its rich cultural and historical legacy.